/* CSS Variables for Theme Management */
:root {
    /* Light Theme Colors */
    --bg-primary: #fff;
    --bg-secondary: #f8fcf7;
    --bg-tertiary: #231f20;
    --text-primary: #292a24;
    --text-secondary: #999793;
    --text-white: #ffffff;
    --accent-primary: #2d52cd;
    --accent-secondary: #b7222d;
    --border-color: #999793;
    --overlay-bg: rgba(0, 1, 6, 0.89);
}

/* Dark Theme Colors */
[data-theme="dark"] {
    --bg-primary: #1a1a1a;
    --bg-secondary: #2d2d2d;
    --bg-tertiary: #0f0f0f;
    --text-primary: #ffffff;
    --text-secondary: #cccccc;
    --text-white: #ffffff;
    --accent-primary: #4a7cff;
    --accent-secondary: #ff4757;
    --border-color: #444444;
    --overlay-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.95);
}

/* Import fonts */
@font-face {
    font-family: 'MADE Outer Sans';
    src: url('fonts/MADE Outer Sans Light PERSONAL USE.otf') format('opentype');
    font-weight: 300;
    font-style: normal;
}

@font-face {
    font-family: 'MADE Outer Sans';
    src: url('fonts/MADE Outer Sans Bold PERSONAL USE.otf') format('opentype');
    font-weight: 700;
    font-style: normal;
}

@font-face {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans';
    src: url('fonts/MonaSans-Regular.ttf') format('truetype');
    font-weight: 400;
    font-style: normal;
}

@font-face {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans';
    src: url('fonts/MonaSans-Light.ttf') format('truetype');
    font-weight: 300;
    font-style: normal;
}

@font-face {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans';
    src: url('fonts/MonaSans-ExtraLightItalic.ttf') format('truetype');
    font-weight: 300;
    font-style: italic;
}

@font-face {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans';
    src: url('fonts/MonaSans-Bold.ttf') format('truetype');
    font-weight: 700;
    font-style: normal;
}

@font-face {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans';
    src: url('fonts/MonaSans-BoldItalic.ttf') format('truetype');
    font-weight: 700;
    font-style: italic;
}

@font-face {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans';
    src: url('fonts/MonaSans-ExtraBold.ttf') format('truetype');
    font-weight: 800;
    font-style: normal;
}

@font-face {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans';
    src: url('fonts/MonaSans-SemiBold.ttf') format('truetype');
    font-weight: 600;
    font-style: normal;
}

@font-face {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans';
    src: url('fonts/MonaSans-SemiBoldItalic.ttf') format('truetype');
    font-weight: 600;
    font-style: italic;
}

/* Reset and base styles */
* {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

body {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    line-height: 1.6;
    border: 3px solid var(--bg-tertiary);
    min-height: 100vh;
    background-color: var(--bg-primary);
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease;
    /* Mobile optimizations */
    -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
    -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;
    touch-action: manipulation;
}

/* Section 1: Header */
.header {
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

/* Top Bar */
.top-bar {
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    padding: 10px 0;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}
.dark-theme-toggle img{
    width: 37px;
    height: auto;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    filter: brightness(1);
}

.dark-theme-toggle:hover img {
    filter: brightness(1.2);
    transform: rotate(15deg);
}

.top-bar-content {
    max-width: 100%;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 35px 45px;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
}

.top-bar-left .top-logo {
    height: 100px;
    width: auto;
}

.top-bar-right {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 50px;
    align-self: baseline;
}

.top-menu {
    display: flex;
    gap: 25px;
}

.top-menu-item {
    font-family: 'MADE Outer Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 300;
    font-size: 14px;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    text-decoration: none;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.top-menu-item:hover {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
}

/* Dropdown Menu */
.dropdown {
    position: relative;
    display: flex;
}

.dropdown-toggle {
    cursor: pointer;
}

.dropdown-content {
    display: none;
    position: absolute;
    background-color: var(--bg-primary);
    min-width: 200px;
    box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
    z-index: 1000;
    top: 100%;
    left: 0;
    margin-top: 5px;
}

.dropdown-content a {
    color: var(--text-primary);
    padding: 12px 16px;
    text-decoration: none;
    display: block;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-family: 'MADE Outer Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 300;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
}

.dropdown-content a:last-child {
    border-bottom: none;
}

.dropdown-content a:hover {
    background-color: var(--bg-secondary);
    color: var(--accent-primary);
}

.dropdown:hover .dropdown-content {
    display: block;
}

/* Navigation Dropdown */
.nav-left .dropdown {
    position: relative;
    display: flex;
}

.nav-left .dropdown-toggle {
    cursor: pointer;
}

.nav-left .dropdown-content {
    display: none;
    position: absolute;
    background-color: var(--bg-primary);
    min-width: 220px;
    box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
    z-index: 1000;
    top: 100%;
    left: 0;
    margin-top: 5px;
}

.dropdown-header {
    font-weight: 700;
    padding: 10px 0px 10px 15px;
    color: #2d52cd;
}

.nav-left .dropdown-content a {
    color: var(--text-primary);
    padding: 12px 16px;
    text-decoration: none;
    display: block;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-family: 'MADE Outer Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 300;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.1px;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #99979352;
}

.nav-left .dropdown-content a:last-child {
    border-bottom: none;
}

.nav-left .dropdown-content a:hover {
    background-color: var(--bg-secondary);
    color: var(--accent-primary);
}

.nav-left .dropdown:hover .dropdown-content {
    display: block;
}

/* Keep dropdown open when hovering over it */
.nav-left .dropdown-content:hover {
    display: block;
}

/* Submenu styles */
.dropdown-submenu {
    position: relative;
}

.dropdown-submenu-toggle {
    position: relative;
}

.dropdown-submenu-toggle::after {
    content: '▶';
    position: absolute;
    right: 16px;
    top: 50%;
    transform: translateY(-50%);
    transition: transform 0.3s ease;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
}

.dropdown-submenu:hover .dropdown-submenu-toggle::after {
    transform: translateY(-50%) rotate(90deg);
}

.dropdown-submenu-content {
    position: absolute;
    left: 100%;
    top: 0;
    min-width: 300px;
    background-color: var(--bg-primary);
    display: none;
    z-index: 1001;
    padding: 8px 0;
}

.dropdown-submenu:hover .dropdown-submenu-content {
    display: block;
}

.dropdown-submenu-content a {
    color: var(--text-primary);
    padding: 6px 16px;
    text-decoration: none;
    display: block;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    line-height: 1.4;
    border-radius: 4px;
    margin: 2px 8px;
    text-transform: none;
    letter-spacing: normal;
    border-bottom: none;
    white-space: nowrap;
    overflow: hidden;
    text-overflow: ellipsis;
}

.dropdown-submenu-content a:hover {
    background-color: var(--accent-primary);
    color: white;
    padding-left: 20px;
}

.top-actions {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 20px;
}

.dark-theme-toggle,
.search-btn {
    background: none;
    border: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    padding: 5px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    border-radius: 50%;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.dark-theme-toggle:hover {
    background-color: var(--bg-secondary);
    transform: scale(1.1);
}

.dark-theme-toggle:active {
    transform: scale(0.95);
}

.search-btn img {
    width: 30px;
    height: auto;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    filter: brightness(1);
}

.search-btn:hover {
    background-color: var(--bg-secondary);
    transform: scale(1.1);
}

.search-btn:active {
    transform: scale(0.95);
}

.search-btn:hover img {
    filter: brightness(1.2);
    transform: rotate(15deg);
}

.apply-now-btn {
    background: var(--accent-secondary);
    color: var(--text-white);
    border: none;
    padding: 5px 50px;
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 25px;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    cursor: pointer;
    border-radius: 50px;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.apply-now-btn:hover {
    background: var(--accent-primary);
}

/* Main Navigation */
.main-navigation {
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    padding: 20px 0;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.nav-content {
    max-width: 100%;
    margin: 0 50px;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
}

.nav-left {
    display: flex;
    gap: 20px;
    align-self: self-end;
}

.nav-item {
    font-family: 'MADE Outer Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 300;
    font-size: 16px;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    text-decoration: none;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 1px;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
    position: relative;
}

.nav-item:hover {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
}

.nav-item::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    bottom: -5px;
    left: 0;
    width: 0;
    height: 2px;
    background: var(--accent-primary);
    transition: width 0.3s ease;
}

.nav-item:hover::after {
    width: 100%;
}

.nav-right .nav-logo {
    height: 50px;
    width: auto;
    display: block;
}

/* Section 2: Banner */
.banner-section {
    position: relative;
    width: 100%;
}

.banner-container {
    position: relative;
    width: 100%;
}

.banner-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    display: block;
    margin: 0 50px;
    max-width: calc(100% - 100px);
}

.banner-heading {
    position: absolute;
    right: 0;
    top: 50%;
    transform: translateY(-50%);
    background: var(--accent-primary);
    color: var(--text-white);
    padding: 60px;
    width: 40%;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.banner-heading h1 {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 2.2rem;
    line-height: 1.2;
    margin: 0;
}

/* Section 2: Full Width Image with Overlay */
.full-width-section {
    position: relative;
    width: 100%;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.full-width-container {
    position: relative;
    width: 100%;
}

.full-width-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    display: block;
}

.black-overlay {
    position: absolute;
    top: 17%;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    bottom: 17%;
    background: var(--overlay-bg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.overlay-content {
    width: 100%;
    text-align: center;
}

.overlay-heading {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 3rem;
    color: var(--text-white);
    margin-bottom: 40px;
    font-style: italic;
    margin-top: -25px;
}

.overlay-columns {
    display: flex;
    align-items: stretch;
    border-top: 1px solid white;
    padding: 0;
    height: 115px;
}

.overlay-column-1 {
    width: 64%;
    padding: 0 143px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    border-right: 1px solid white;
}

.overlay-column-1 h3 {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 300;
    font-size: 1.9rem;
    color: var(--text-white);
    margin: 0;
    text-align: center;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.overlay-column-1 h3:hover {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
}

.overlay-column-2 {
    width: 36%;
    padding: 0 30px;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
}

.explore-btn {
    background: transparent;
    color: var(--text-white);
    border: 1px solid var(--text-white);
    padding: 15px 30px;
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 300;
    font-size: 1.9rem;
    border-radius: 50px;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    letter-spacing: 1px;
}

.explore-btn:hover {
    background: var(--text-white);
    color: var(--text-primary);
}

/* Dark mode hover for explore button */
[data-theme="dark"] .explore-btn:hover {
    color: #292a24;
}

/* Dark mode icon color changes */
[data-theme="dark"] #theme-toggle,
[data-theme="dark"] #search-icon {
    filter: brightness(0) invert(1);
}

/* Section 3: Five Columns News */
.news-section {
    width: 100%;
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.news-heading {
    padding: 30px 0 30px 50px;
}

.news-heading h2 {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 2.5rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    margin: 0;
    margin-left: 85px;
    font-style: italic;
    margin-top: 20px;
}

.news-container {
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
    align-items: stretch;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.news-set {
    display: none;
    width: 100%;
    align-items: stretch;
    opacity: 0;
    transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
}

.news-set.active {
    display: flex;
    opacity: 1;
}

.news-column-1 {
    width: 9.5%;
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease;
}

.news-text {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 2.1rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    transform: rotate(-90deg);
    white-space: nowrap;
    letter-spacing: 2px;
    font-style: italic;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.news-column-2 {
    width: 18%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color);
}

.news-image-1 {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    display: block;
}

.news-column-3 {
    width: 22.7%;
    padding: 20px;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    transition: border-color 0.3s ease;
}

.publisher {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    color: var(--accent-secondary);
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.date {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.title {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    line-height: 1.3;
    max-width: 23ch;
    margin-top: 20px;
    font-style: italic;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.news-column-4 {
    width: 35%;
    background: var(--bg-secondary);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    text-align: center;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease;
}

.news-column-4 .publisher-date-row {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 10px;
    text-align: left;
    align-self: start;
    padding-left: 20px;
    padding-top: 10px;
}

.news-image-2 {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
}



.news-column-3 .title {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    margin-top: auto;
}

.news-column-4 .title {
    max-width: 37ch;
    text-align: center;
    margin: 18px 20px 0;
    text-align: left;
    align-self: start;
}

.news-column-5 {
    width: 18%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color);
}

.news-image-3 {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    display: block;
}

/* Section 3.1: Navigation */
.navigation-section {
    width: 100%;
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    margin-top: 0;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.navigation-container {
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
    align-items: stretch;
    justify-content: space-between;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
}

.nav-column-1 {
    width: 82.6%;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    min-height: 60px;
    border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    transition: border-color 0.3s ease;
}

.nav-column-2 {
    width: 17.4%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
}

.nav-arrows {
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
}

.nav-arrow-left {
    flex: 1;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    color: #999793;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    min-height: 60px;
}

.nav-arrow-right {
    flex: 1;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    color: #999793;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    min-height: 60px;
}

.nav-arrow-left:hover,
.nav-arrow-right:hover {
    color: var(--accent-secondary);
}


/* Section 4: Opportunities and Achievements */
.opportunities-section {
    width: 100%;
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.row-1 {
    width: 100%;
}

.row-1-container {
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
    align-items: stretch;
    gap: 0;
}

.opportunities-column {
    width: 53%;
    padding: 60px 136px 100px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: center;
}

.opportunities-column h2 {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 3rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    margin-bottom: 55px;
    line-height: 1;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.opportunities-column p {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    line-height: 1.3;
    margin: 0;
    max-width: 46ch;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.hubs-column {
    width: 47%;
    background: var(--accent-primary);
    padding: 30px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    cursor: pointer;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.hubs-column:hover {
    width: 60%;
    background-image: url('images/Picture1.jpg');
    background-size: cover;
    background-position: center;
}

.hubs-column:hover::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
    z-index: 1;
}

.hubs-column:hover .hubs-content {
    color: white;
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
}

.hubs-column:hover .hubs-content h2 {
    color: white;
}

.hubs-column:hover .hubs-content p {
    color: white;
}

.hubs-content {
    text-align: left;
    color: white;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.hubs-content h2 {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 2rem;
    color: var(--text-white);
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    opacity: 1;
    transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
}

.hubs-content p {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 300;
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    color: var(--text-white);
    line-height: 1.6;
    margin: 0;
    opacity: 0;
    max-height: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.hubs-column:hover .hubs-content p {
    opacity: 1;
    max-height: 500px;
    margin-top: 20px;
    max-width: 55ch;
}

/* Row 2: Three columns */
.row-2 {
    width: 100%;
    min-height: 400px;
}

.row-2-container {
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
    height: 540px;
}

.research-column, .clubs-column, .global-column {
    flex: 1;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    position: relative;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.research-column {
    background: var(--accent-secondary);
}

.clubs-column {
    background: var(--accent-primary);
}


.global-column {
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    color: var(--text-primary);
}

.column-content {
    text-align: left;
    padding: 40px 80px;
    z-index: 2;
    position: relative;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.column-content h3 {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 2rem;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    line-height: 1.2;
    max-width: 17ch;
}

.research-column .column-content h3,
.clubs-column .column-content h3 {
    color: var(--text-white);
}

.global-column .column-content h3 {
    color: var(--text-primary);
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.column-content p {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 300;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    line-height: 1.4;
    margin: 0;
    opacity: 0;
    max-height: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.research-column .column-content p,
.clubs-column .column-content p {
    color: var(--text-white);
}

.global-column .column-content p {
    color: var(--text-primary);
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}


/* Hover effects */
.research-column:hover {
    background-image: url('images/Picture3.jpg');
    background-size: cover;
    background-position: center;
}
.global-column:hover {
    background-image: url('images/Picture4.jpg');
    background-size: cover;
    background-position: center;
}

.research-column:hover::before,
.global-column:hover::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
    z-index: 1;
}

.research-column:hover .column-content p,
.global-column:hover .column-content p {
    opacity: 1;
    max-height: 300px;
    margin-top: 15px;
    color: #ffffff;
}

.research-column:hover .column-content,
.global-column:hover .column-content {
    color: white;
}

.research-column:hover .column-content h3,
.global-column:hover .column-content h3 {
    color: white;
}

/* Clubs column hover effect with background image */
.clubs-column:hover {
    background-image: url('images/s4.2r2.png');
    background-size: cover;
    background-position: center;
}

.clubs-column:hover::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
    z-index: 1;
}

.clubs-column:hover .column-content p {
    opacity: 1;
    max-height: 300px;
    margin-top: 15px;
}

.clubs-column:hover .column-content {
    color: white;
}

.clubs-column:hover .column-content h3 {
    color: white;
    max-width: 14ch;
}

/* Row 3: VURA and Image */
.row-3 {
    width: 100%;
    min-height: 500px;
}

.row-3-container {
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
    height: 560px;
}

.vura-column {
    width: 50%;
    background: var(--bg-tertiary);
    padding: 80px 0;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: space-between;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.vura-top {
    flex: 1;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: center;
    border-bottom: 1px solid white;
    padding: 0 50px 30px 50px;
}

.vura-top h2 {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 300;
    font-style: italic;
    font-size: 2.5rem;
    color: var(--text-white);
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

.vura-top h3 {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 600;
    font-size: 2rem;
    color: var(--text-white);
    margin: 0;
    line-height: 1.3;
    max-width: 19ch;
}

.vura-bottom {
    flex: 1;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    padding: 30px 50px 0 50px;
}

.vura-bottom p {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 300;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    color: var(--text-white);
    line-height: 1.3;
    margin: 0;
    max-width: 45ch;
}

.vura-bottom b {
    font-weight: 700;
}

.image-column {
    width: 50%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.vura-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    display: block;
}

/* Row 4: Three columns with button */
.row-4 {
    width: 100%;
    min-height: 200px;
}

.row-4-container {
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #999793;
}

.row4-image-column {
    width: 35%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
}

.row4-image-1, .row4-image-2 {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    display: block;
}

.row4-button-image {
    width: 90%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    display: block;
}

.row4-button-column {
    width: 70%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    height: 476.8px;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.explore-more-btn {
    background: var(--accent-primary);
    color: var(--text-white);
    border: none;
    padding: 15px 40px;
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    border-radius: 50px;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    letter-spacing: 1px;
    white-space: nowrap;
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 600px;
}

.explore-more-btn:hover {
    background: var(--accent-secondary);
}

/* Section 5: Industry Associations */
.industry-section {
    width: 100%;
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    padding: 50px 0;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.industry-container {
    max-width: 100%;
}

.industry-heading {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 3.5rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    text-align: center;
    margin: 0 0 60px 0;
    font-style: italic;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.logos-container {
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
}

.logo-box {
    flex: 1;
    height: 220px;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.logo-box:first-child {
    border-left: 1px solid var(--border-color);
}

.logo-box:hover .logo-image {
    transform: scale(1.1);
}

/* Dark theme logo boxes - white background */
[data-theme="dark"] .logo-box {
    background-color: white;
}

.logo-image {
    max-width: 60%;
    object-fit: contain;
    display: block;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

/* Section 6: Faculty Thought Leadership */
.faculty-section {
    width: 100%;
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.faculty-heading-row {
    background: var(--accent-primary);
    padding: 40px 0;
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.faculty-heading {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 3.5rem;
    color: var(--text-white);
    text-align: center;
    margin: 0;
    font-style: italic;
}

.faculty-profiles-row {
    width: 100%;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    transition: border-color 0.3s ease;
}

.faculty-profiles-container {
    margin: 0 115px;
    display: flex;
    gap: 0;
}

.faculty-column {
    flex: 1;
    padding: 40px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: baseline;
    text-align: left;
}

.faculty-column:first-child {
    border-left: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    transition: border-color 0.3s ease;
}

.faculty-column:nth-child(2) {
    border-left: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    transition: border-color 0.3s ease;
}

.faculty-column:last-child {
    border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    transition: border-color 0.3s ease;
}

.faculty-image {
    width: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    margin-bottom: 30px;
}

.faculty-subheading {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 2rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    margin: 0 0 40px 0;
    line-height: 1.3;
    max-width: 15ch;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.faculty-text {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    line-height: 1.4;
    margin: 0;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.faculty-button-container {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 40px 0;
}

.meet-faculty-btn {
    background: var(--accent-secondary);
    color: var(--text-white);
    border: none;
    padding: 10px 100px;
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 2rem;
    border-radius: 50px;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    letter-spacing: 1px;
    white-space: nowrap;
    text-align: center;
    display: inline-block;
    text-decoration: none;
    outline: none;
}

.meet-faculty-btn:hover {
    background: var(--accent-primary);
}

/* Section 7: Quick Links */
.quick-links-section {
    width: 100%;
    background: var(--bg-secondary);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease;
}

/* Hyperlink styles for news titles and faculty button */
.title {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: inherit;
    outline: none;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.title:hover {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
}


.quick-links-container {
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
    height: 320px;
}

.quick-link-column {
    flex: 1;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    padding: 60px 20px;
    border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    position: relative;
    gap: 3em;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: inherit;
}

.quick-link-column:last-child {
    border-right: none;
}

/* Quick link column link styles */
.quick-link-column,
.quick-link-column:visited,
.quick-link-column:hover,
.quick-link-column:active,
.quick-link-column:focus {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: inherit;
    outline: none;
}

.quick-link-icon {
    height: 33%;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.quick-link-text {
    font-family: 'MADE Outer Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    margin: 0;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    max-width: 15ch;
    line-height: 1.2;
    text-align: center;
}

/* Hover effects */
.quick-link-column:hover {
    background: var(--accent-secondary);
}

.quick-link-column:hover .quick-link-icon {
    filter: brightness(0) invert(1);
}

.quick-link-column:hover .quick-link-text {
    color: var(--text-white);
}

/* Section 3: Three Columns */
.three-columns-section {
    padding: 50px;
    max-width: 100%;
}

.columns-container {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    max-width: 100%;
}

.column-1 {
    width: 2%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    margin-right: 70px;
}

.about-text {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 2rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    transform: rotate(-90deg);
    white-space: nowrap;
    font-style: italic;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.column-2 {
    width: 35%;
}

.column-2 h2 {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 3rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    line-height: 1.1;
    margin: 0;
    max-width: 23ch;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.column-3 {
    width: 58%;
    padding-right: 40px;
}

.column-3 p {
    font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    line-height: 1.2;
    margin: 0;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.column-3 strong {
    font-weight: 700;
}

/* ===========================================
   RESPONSIVE DESIGN FOR INDIAN DEVICE MARKET
   =========================================== */

/* Mobile First Approach - Base styles for mobile devices */
/* Extra Small devices (phones, 320px and up) */
@media (max-width: 480px) {
    /* Header and Navigation */
    .top-bar-content {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 15px;
        padding: 20px 15px;
    }

    .top-bar-left .top-logo {
        height: 60px;
    }

    .top-bar-right {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 15px;
        width: 100%;
    }

    .top-menu {
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        justify-content: center;
        gap: 10px;
    }

    .top-menu-item {
        font-size: 12px;
        padding: 5px 8px;
    }

    .dropdown-content {
        min-width: 150px;
        font-size: 14px;
    }

    .dropdown-content a {
        padding: 8px 12px;
        font-size: 14px;
    }

    .top-actions {
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        justify-content: center;
        gap: 15px;
    }

    .apply-now-btn {
        font-size: 18px;
        padding: 8px 30px;
    }

    .dark-theme-toggle img,
    .search-btn img {
        width: 25px;
    }

    .nav-content {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 15px;
        margin: 0 15px;
    }

    .nav-left {
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        justify-content: center;
        gap: 0px;
    }

    .nav-left .dropdown-content {
        min-width: 180px;
    }

    .nav-left .dropdown-content a {
        padding: 10px 14px;
        font-size: 14px;
    }

    .nav-item {
        font-size: 14px;
        padding: 8px 12px;
    }

    .nav-right .nav-logo {
        height: 40px;
    }

    /* Banner Section */
    .banner-image {
        margin: 0 0px;
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    .banner-heading {
        position: static;
        transform: none;
        width: 100%;
        padding: 30px 20px;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .banner-heading h1 {
        font-size: 1.5rem;
        line-height: 1.3;
    }

    /* Three Columns Section */
    .three-columns-section {
        padding: 30px 15px;
    }

    .columns-container {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 30px;
    }

    .column-1 {
        width: 100%;
        margin-right: 0;
    }

    .about-text {
        font-size: 1.5rem;
        transform: none;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .column-2 {
        width: 100%;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .column-2 h2 {
        font-size: 2rem;
    }

    .column-3 {
        width: 100%;
        padding-right: 0;
    }

    .column-3 p {
        font-size: 1rem;
        text-align: justify;
    }

    /* Full Width Section - Mobile Optimized Desktop-like Layout */
    .full-width-section {
        position: relative;
        width: 100%;
        margin: 0;
        padding: 0;
        min-height: 400px;
    }

    .full-width-container {
        position: relative;
        width: 100%;
        min-height: 400px;
    }

    .full-width-image {
        width: 100%;
        height: 400px;
        object-fit: cover;
        display: block;
    }

    .black-overlay {
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        left: 0;
        right: 0;
        bottom: 0;
        background: rgb(0 1 6 / 76%);
        display: flex;
        align-items: center;
        justify-content: center;
        transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
    }

    .overlay-content {
        width: 100%;
        text-align: center;
        padding: 0px;
    }

    .overlay-heading {
        font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
        font-weight: 700;
        font-size: 2.2rem;
        color: var(--text-white);
        margin-bottom: 30px;
        font-style: italic;
    }

    .overlay-columns {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: center;
        gap: 2px;
        border-top: 1px solid var(--text-white);
        padding: 10px 0;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 {
        width: 100%;
        padding: 0;
        display: flex;
        align-items: center;
        justify-content: center;
        border: none;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 h3 {
        font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
        font-weight: 300;
        font-size: 1.2rem;
        color: var(--text-white);
        margin: 0;
        text-align: center;
        line-height: 1.3;
    }

    .overlay-column-2 {
        width: 100%;
        padding: 0;
        display: flex;
        justify-content: center;
        align-items: center;
    }

    .explore-btn {
        background: transparent;
        color: var(--text-white);
        border: 1px solid var(--text-white);
        padding: 12px 25px;
        font-family: 'Mona Sans', sans-serif;
        font-weight: 300;
        font-size: 0.8rem;
        border-radius: 50px;
        cursor: pointer;
        transition: all 0.3s ease;
        letter-spacing: 1px;
        min-width: 200px;
    }

    .explore-btn:hover {
        background: var(--text-white);
        color: var(--text-primary);
    }

    /* Dark mode hover for explore button in mobile */
    [data-theme="dark"] .explore-btn:hover {
        color: #292a24;
    }

    /* Dark mode icon color changes for mobile */
    [data-theme="dark"] #theme-toggle,
    [data-theme="dark"] #search-icon {
        filter: brightness(0) invert(1);
    }

    /* News Section */
    .news-heading {
        padding: 20px 0 20px 15px;
    }

    .news-heading h2 {
        font-size: 2rem;
        margin-left: 0;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .news-container {
        flex-direction: column;
    }

    .news-set {
        flex-direction: column;
    }

    .news-column-1 {
        width: 100%;
        border: none;
        padding: 20px;
    }

    .news-text {
        transform: none;
        font-size: 1.5rem;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .news-column-2,
    .news-column-3,
    .news-column-4,
    .news-column-5 {
        width: 100%;
        border: none;
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
        border-top: none;
    }

    .news-column-3 {
        padding: 20px;
    }

    .news-column-4 {
        padding: 0 0 20px;
    }

    .news-image-1,
    .news-image-2,
    .news-image-3 {
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    /* Navigation Section */
    .navigation-container {
        flex-direction: column;
    }

    .nav-column-1 {
        display: none;
    }

    .nav-column-2 {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .nav-arrows {
        flex-direction: row;
    }

    .nav-arrow-left,
    .nav-arrow-right {
        font-size: 1.2rem;
        min-height: 50px;
    }

    /* Opportunities Section */
    .row-1-container {
        flex-direction: column;
    }

    .opportunities-column {
        width: 100%;
        padding: 40px 20px;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .opportunities-column h2 {
        font-size: 2.2rem;
        margin-bottom: 30px;
    }

    .opportunities-column p {
        font-size: 1rem;
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    .hubs-column {
        width: 100%;
        padding: 30px 20px;
    }

    .hubs-content h2 {
        font-size: 1.5rem;
        text-align: -webkit-center;
    }

    .hubs-content p {
        font-size: 1rem;
    }

    /* Row 2 - Three columns */
    .row-2-container {
        flex-direction: column;
        height: auto;
    }

    .research-column,
    .clubs-column,
    .global-column {
        width: 100%;
        min-height: 300px;
    }

    .column-content {
        padding: 30px 20px;
        text-align: -webkit-center;
    }

    .column-content h3 {
        font-size: 1.5rem;
        margin-bottom: 15px;
    }

    .column-content p {
        font-size: 1rem;
    }

    /* Row 3 - VURA */
    .row-3-container {
        flex-direction: column;
        height: auto;
    }

    .vura-column {
        width: 100%;
        padding: 0px;
    }

    .vura-top {
        padding: 0 20px 20px 20px;
    }

    .vura-top h2 {
        font-size: 2rem;
    }

    .vura-top h3 {
        font-size: 1.5rem;
    }

    .vura-bottom {
        padding: 20px;
    }

    .vura-bottom p {
        font-size: 1rem;
    }

    .image-column {
        width: 100%;
        height: 300px;
    }

    /* Row 4 */
    .row-4-container {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 20px;
    }

    .row4-image-column {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .row4-button-column {
        width: 100%;
        padding: 0 0px;
        height: 220px;
    }

    .explore-more-btn {
        font-size: 13px;
        padding: 12px 30px;
    }

    /* Industry Section */
    .industry-heading {
        font-size: 2.5rem;
        margin-bottom: 40px;
    }

    .logos-container {
        flex-direction: row;
    }

    .logo-box {
        height: 60px;
        border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
        margin-bottom: 0;
    }

    .logo-box:first-child {
        border-left: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    }

    .logo-box:last-child {
        border-right: none;
    }

    .logo-image {
        max-width: 80%;
    }

    /* Faculty Section */
    .faculty-heading {
        font-size: 2.5rem;
    }

    .faculty-profiles-container {
        flex-direction: column;
        margin: 0 0px;
    }

    .faculty-column {
        padding: 30px 20px;
        border: none;
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    }

    .faculty-column:first-child,
    .faculty-column:nth-child(2),
    .faculty-column:last-child {
        border-left: none;
        border-right: none;
    }

    .faculty-subheading {
        font-size: 1.5rem;
        margin-bottom: 20px;
    }

    .faculty-text {
        font-size: 1rem;
    }

    .meet-faculty-btn {
        font-size: 1.5rem;
        padding: 8px 50px;
    }

    /* Quick Links */
    .quick-links-container {
        flex-direction: column;
        height: auto;
    }

    .quick-link-column {
        padding: 30px 20px;
        border: none;
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
        text-decoration: none;
        color: inherit;
    }

    .quick-link-column:last-child {
        border-bottom: none;
    }

    /* Quick link column link styles for mobile */
    .quick-link-column,
    .quick-link-column:visited,
    .quick-link-column:hover,
    .quick-link-column:active,
    .quick-link-column:focus {
        text-decoration: none;
        color: inherit;
        outline: none;
    }

    .quick-link-icon {
        height: 60px;
        margin-bottom: 15px;
    }

    .quick-link-text {
        font-size: 1rem;
    }
}

/* Small devices (landscape phones, 481px and up) */
@media (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 767px) {
    .top-bar-content {
        padding: 25px 20px;
    }

    .top-bar-left .top-logo {
        height: 80px;
    }

    .top-menu {
        gap: 20px;
    }

    .top-menu-item {
        font-size: 13px;
    }

    .apply-now-btn {
        font-size: 20px;
        padding: 8px 40px;
    }

    .banner-heading {
        padding: 40px;
    }

    .banner-heading h1 {
        font-size: 1.8rem;
    }

    /* Proportional adjustments for 481px-767px */
    .nav-left {
        gap: 5px;
    }

    .banner-image {
        margin: 0 5px;
        max-width: calc(100% - 10px);
    }

    .column-3 p {
        text-align: justify;
    }

    .title {
        max-width: 25ch;
        margin-top: 15px;
    }

    .overlay-content {
        padding: 10px;
    }

    .explore-btn {
        font-size: 1.1rem;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 h3 {
        font-size: 1.4rem;
    }

    .black-overlay {
        background: rgb(0 1 6 / 78%);
    }

    .overlay-columns {
        gap: 5px;
    }

    .news-column-4 {
        padding: 0 0 15px;
    }

    .news-column-4 .publisher-date-row {
        padding-top: 8px;
    }

    .nav-column-1 {
        display: none;
    }



    .hubs-column:hover {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .column-content {
        text-align: -webkit-center;
    }

    .hubs-content h2 {
        font-size: 1.6rem;
        text-align: -webkit-center;
    }


    .vura-column {
        padding: 10px;
    }

    .explore-more-btn {
        font-size: 14px;
    }

    .logo-box {
        height: 80px;
        border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    }

    .logo-box:last-child {
        border-right: none;
    }

    .logos-container {
        flex-direction: row;
    }

    .news-image-1 {
        max-width: 100%;
    }

    /* Full Width Section - Tablet-like Desktop Layout */
    .full-width-section {
        min-height: 500px;
    }

    .full-width-container {
        min-height: 500px;
    }

    .full-width-image {
        height: 500px;
    }

    .black-overlay {
        top: 10%;
        bottom: 10%;
    }

    .overlay-content {
        padding: 40px;
    }

    .overlay-heading {
        font-size: 2.5rem;
        margin-bottom: 40px;
    }

    .overlay-columns {
        flex-direction: row;
        align-items: stretch;
        height: 120px;
        gap: 0;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 {
        width: 70%;
        padding: 0 40px;
        border-right: 1px solid var(--text-white);
        justify-content: flex-start;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 h3 {
        font-size: 1.6rem;
        text-align: left;
    }

    .overlay-column-2 {
        width: 30%;
        padding: 0 20px;
    }

    .explore-btn {
        font-size: 1.4rem;
        padding: 15px 30px;
        min-width: 180px;
    }

    .news-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
        grid-template-rows: auto auto auto;
    }

    .news-set {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
        grid-template-rows: auto auto auto;
    }

    .news-column-1 {
        grid-column: 1 / -1;
        width: 100%;
    }

    .news-column-2,
    .news-column-5 {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .news-column-3,
    .news-column-4 {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .row-2-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
        grid-template-rows: auto auto;
    }

    .research-column {
        grid-column: 1 / -1;
    }

    .clubs-column,
    .global-column {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .logos-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    }

    .faculty-profiles-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
        grid-template-rows: auto auto;
    }

    .faculty-column:first-child {
        grid-column: 1 / -1;
    }

    .quick-links-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    }
}

/* Medium devices (tablets, 768px and up) */
@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {
    .top-bar-content {
        padding: 30px 30px;
    }

    .top-bar-left .top-logo {
        height: 90px;
    }

    .top-menu {
        gap: 25px;
    }

    .top-menu-item {
        font-size: 14px;
    }

    .apply-now-btn {
        font-size: 22px;
        padding: 8px 45px;
    }

    .nav-content {
        margin: 0 30px;
    }

    .banner-image {
        margin: 0 30px;
        max-width: calc(100% - 60px);
    }

    .banner-heading {
        width: 45%;
        padding: 50px;
    }

    .banner-heading h1 {
        font-size: 2rem;
    }

    .three-columns-section {
        padding: 40px 30px;
    }

    .column-2 h2 {
        font-size: 2.5rem;
    }

    .column-3 p {
        font-size: 1.1rem;
        text-align: justify;
    }

    /* Proportional adjustments for 768px-1023px */
    .nav-left {
        gap: 10px;
    }

    .banner-image {
        margin: 0 20px;
        max-width: calc(100% - 40px);
    }

    .title {
        max-width: 27ch;
        margin-top: 15px;
    }

    .overlay-content {
        padding: 20px;
    }

    .explore-btn {
        font-size: 1.3rem;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 h3 {
        font-size: 1.6rem;
    }

    .black-overlay {
        background: rgb(0 1 6 / 80%);
    }

    .overlay-columns {
        gap: 8px;
    }

    .news-column-4 {
        padding: 0 0 12px;
    }

    .news-column-4 .publisher-date-row {
        padding-top: 6px;
    }

    .nav-column-1 {
        display: none;
    }



    .hubs-column:hover {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .column-content {
        text-align: -webkit-center;
    }

    .hubs-content h2 {
        font-size: 1.7rem;
        text-align: -webkit-center;
    }


    .vura-column {
        padding: 20px;
    }

    .explore-more-btn {
        font-size: 15px;
    }

    .logo-box {
        height: 100px;
        border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    }

    .logo-box:last-child {
        border-right: none;
    }

    .logos-container {
        flex-direction: row;
    }

    /* Full Width Section - Desktop-like Layout for Tablets */
    .full-width-section {
        min-height: 600px;
    }

    .full-width-container {
        min-height: 600px;
    }

    .full-width-image {
        height: 600px;
    }

    .black-overlay {
        top: 15%;
        bottom: 15%;
    }

    .overlay-content {
        padding: 50px;
    }

    .overlay-heading {
        font-size: 2.8rem;
        margin-bottom: 50px;
    }

    .overlay-columns {
        flex-direction: row;
        align-items: stretch;
        height: 140px;
        gap: 0;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 {
        width: 65%;
        padding: 0 60px;
        border-right: 1px solid var(--text-white);
        justify-content: flex-start;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 h3 {
        font-size: 1.8rem;
        text-align: left;
    }

    .overlay-column-2 {
        width: 35%;
        padding: 0 30px;
    }

    .explore-btn {
        font-size: 1.5rem;
        padding: 15px 35px;
        min-width: 200px;
    }

    .news-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
        grid-template-rows: auto auto;
    }

    .news-set {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
        grid-template-rows: auto auto;
    }

    .news-column-1 {
        grid-column: 1 / -1;
    }

    .news-column-2,
    .news-column-3,
    .news-column-4,
    .news-column-5 {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .row-2-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
        grid-template-rows: auto auto;
    }

    .research-column {
        grid-column: 1 / -1;
    }

    .logos-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    }

    .faculty-profiles-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
        grid-template-rows: auto auto;
    }

    .faculty-column:first-child {
        grid-column: 1 / -1;
    }

    .quick-links-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    }
}

/* Large devices (desktops, 1024px and up) */
@media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1365px) {
    .top-bar-content {
        padding: 35px 40px;
    }

    .banner-image {
        margin: 0 40px;
        max-width: calc(100% - 80px);
    }

    .banner-heading {
        width: 42%;
        padding: 55px;
    }

    .three-columns-section {
        padding: 45px 40px;
    }

    .news-heading {
        padding: 25px 0 25px 40px;
    }

    .news-heading h2 {
        margin-left: 60px;
    }

    .opportunities-column {
        padding: 50px 100px 80px;
    }

    .hubs-column {
        padding: 25px;
    }

    .logos-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
    }

    .faculty-profiles-container {
        margin: 0 80px;
    }

    .quick-links-container {
        display: grid;
        grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
    }

    /* Ensure nav-column-2 is at the very right for large desktop */
    .navigation-container {
        justify-content: space-between;
    }

    .nav-column-2 {
        margin-left: auto;
    }

    /* Proportional adjustments for 1024px-1365px */
    .nav-left {
        gap: 15px;
    }

    .banner-image {
        margin: 0 30px;
        max-width: calc(100% - 60px);
    }

    .column-3 p {
        text-align: justify;
    }

    .title {
        max-width: 29ch;
        margin-top: 15px;
    }

    .overlay-content {
        padding: 30px;
    }

    .explore-btn {
        font-size: 1.7rem;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 h3 {
        font-size: 1.8rem;
    }

    .black-overlay {
        background: rgb(0 1 6 / 82%);
    }

    .overlay-columns {
        gap: 10px;
    }

    .news-column-4 {
        padding: 0 0 10px;
    }

    .news-column-4 .publisher-date-row {
        padding-top: 5px;
    }

    .nav-column-1 {
        display: none;
    }


    .hubs-column:hover {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .column-content {
        text-align: -webkit-center;
    }

    .hubs-content h2 {
        font-size: 1.8rem;
        text-align: -webkit-center;
    }


    .vura-column {
        padding: 30px;
    }

    .explore-more-btn {
        font-size: 16px;
    }

    .logo-box {
        height: 120px;
        border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    }

    .logo-box:last-child {
        border-right: none;
    }

    /* Full Width Section - Desktop Layout */
    .full-width-section {
        min-height: 700px;
    }

    .full-width-container {
        min-height: 700px;
    }

    .full-width-image {
        height: 700px;
    }

    .black-overlay {
        top: 17%;
        bottom: 17%;
    }

    .overlay-content {
        padding: 60px;
    }

    .overlay-heading {
        font-size: 3rem;
        margin-bottom: 40px;
    }

    .overlay-columns {
        flex-direction: row;
        align-items: stretch;
        height: 145px;
        gap: 0;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 {
        width: 64%;
        padding: 0 100px;
        border-right: 1px solid var(--text-white);
        justify-content: flex-start;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 h3 {
        font-size: 1.9rem;
        text-align: left;
    }

    .overlay-column-2 {
        width: 36%;
        padding: 0 30px;
    }

    .explore-btn {
        font-size: 2rem;
        padding: 15px 30px;
        min-width: 220px;
    }
}

/* Extra large devices (large desktops, 1366px and up) */
@media (min-width: 1366px) {
    /* All existing desktop styles remain unchanged */
    .top-bar-content {
        padding: 35px 45px;
    }

    /* Ensure nav-column-2 is at the very right for desktop */
    .navigation-container {
        justify-content: space-between;
    }

    .nav-column-2 {
        margin-left: auto;
    }

    .banner-image {
        margin: 0 50px;
        max-width: calc(100% - 100px);
    }

    .banner-heading {
        width: 40%;
        padding: 60px;
    }

    .three-columns-section {
        padding: 50px;
    }

    .news-heading {
        padding: 30px 0 30px 50px;
    }

    .news-heading h2 {
        margin-left: 85px;
    }

    .opportunities-column {
        padding: 60px 136px 100px;
    }

    .hubs-column {
        padding: 30px;
    }

    .logos-container {
        display: flex;
    }

    .faculty-profiles-container {
        margin: 0 115px;
    }

    .quick-links-container {
        display: flex;
    }

    /* Proportional adjustments for 1366px+ */
    .nav-left {
        gap: 20px;
    }

    .banner-image {
        margin: 0 50px;
        max-width: calc(100% - 100px);
    }

    .column-3 p {
        text-align: justify;
    }

    .title {
        max-width: 31ch;
        margin-top: 15px;
    }


    .explore-btn {
        font-size: 1.9rem;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 h3 {
        font-size: 1.9rem;
    }

    .black-overlay {
        background: rgb(0 1 6 / 84%);
    }

    .overlay-columns {
        gap: 12px;
    }

    .news-column-4 {
        padding: 0 0 8px;
    }

    .news-column-4 .publisher-date-row {
        padding-top: 4px;
    }

    .nav-column-1 {
        display: none;
    }



    .hubs-column:hover {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .column-content {
        text-align: -webkit-center;
    }

    .hubs-content h2 {
        font-size: 2rem;
        text-align: -webkit-center;
    }



    .explore-more-btn {
        font-size: 17px;
    }

    .logo-box {
        height: 170px;
        border-right: 1px solid var(--border-color);
        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
    }

    .logo-box:last-child {
        border-right: none;
    }
}

/* ===========================================
   MOBILE-SPECIFIC ENHANCEMENTS
   =========================================== */

/* Touch-friendly button sizes */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .apply-now-btn,
    .explore-btn,
    .explore-more-btn,
    .meet-faculty-btn {
        min-height: 44px;
        min-width: 44px;
        touch-action: manipulation;
    }

    .dark-theme-toggle,
    .search-btn {
        min-height: 44px;
        min-width: 44px;
        touch-action: manipulation;
    }

    .nav-item,
    .top-menu-item {
        min-height: 44px;
        display: flex;
        align-items: center;
        justify-content: center;
        touch-action: manipulation;
    }

    .quick-link-column {
        min-height: 120px;
        touch-action: manipulation;
    }

    .logo-box {
        min-height: 100px;
        touch-action: manipulation;
    }
}

/* Improved scrolling on mobile */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .news-container,
    .row-2-container,
    .faculty-profiles-container,
    .quick-links-container {
        scroll-behavior: smooth;
        -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
    }
}

/* Performance optimizations for mobile */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .banner-image,
    .news-image-1,
    .news-image-2,
    .news-image-3,
    .vura-image,
    .row4-image-1,
    .row4-image-2,
    .faculty-image,
    .full-width-image {
        will-change: transform;
        transform: translateZ(0);
    }

    .hubs-column,
    .research-column,
    .clubs-column,
    .global-column,
    .black-overlay {
        will-change: transform;
        transform: translateZ(0);
    }
}

/* Landscape orientation optimizations */
@media (max-width: 768px) and (orientation: landscape) {
    .banner-heading {
        padding: 20px;
    }

    .banner-heading h1 {
        font-size: 1.3rem;
    }

    .overlay-heading {
        font-size: 1.8rem;
    }

    .opportunities-column h2,
    .hubs-content h2 {
        font-size: 1.8rem;
    }

    .column-content h3 {
        font-size: 1.3rem;
    }

    .vura-top h2 {
        font-size: 1.8rem;
    }

    .vura-top h3 {
        font-size: 1.3rem;
    }

    /* Full Width Section Landscape Optimizations */
    .full-width-section {
        min-height: 300px;
    }

    .full-width-container {
        min-height: 300px;
    }

    .full-width-image {
        height: 300px;
    }

    .black-overlay {
        top: 5%;
        bottom: 5%;
    }

    .overlay-content {
        padding: 15px;
    }

    .overlay-heading {
        font-size: 1.8rem;
        margin-bottom: 20px;
    }

    .overlay-columns {
        height: 80px;
        padding: 10px 0;
    }

    .overlay-column-1 h3 {
        font-size: 1.2rem;
    }

    .explore-btn {
        font-size: 1.1rem;
        padding: 8px 20px;
        min-width: 150px;
    }
}

/* High DPI display optimizations */
@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 192dpi) {
    .banner-image,
    .news-image-1,
    .news-image-2,
    .news-image-3,
    .vura-image,
    .row4-image-1,
    .row4-image-2,
    .faculty-image,
    .full-width-image {
        image-rendering: -webkit-optimize-contrast;
        image-rendering: crisp-edges;
    }
}

/* Reduced motion for accessibility */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
    * {
        animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
        animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
        transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    }

    .dark-theme-toggle:hover img {
        transform: none;
    }

    .hubs-column:hover,
    .research-column:hover,
    .global-column:hover {
        transform: none;
    }
}

/* Dark mode optimizations for mobile */
@media (max-width: 768px) and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
    .dark-theme-toggle {
        background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    }

    .dark-theme-toggle:hover {
        background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
    }
}

/* ===== FOOTER STYLING ===== */
.footer {
    margin-top: 160px;
    background-color: var(--bg-primary);
    color: var(--text-primary);
    font-family: 'Funnel Display', Arial, sans-serif;
}

.footer-content {
    display: flex;
    gap: 150px;
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0;
}

.footer-column {
    flex: 1;
}

.footer-heading {
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 800;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    position: relative;
}

.footer-heading::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    bottom: -8px;
    left: 0;
    width: 28%;
    height: 3px;
    background-color: #b7222d;
}

.footer-logo {
    max-width: 200px;
    height: auto;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.footer-address-text {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 600;
    line-height: 1.4;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    margin: 0;
}

.footer-nav {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 12px;
}

.footer-link {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.footer-link:hover {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
}

.contact-info {
    margin-bottom: 30px;
}

.contact-item {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 600;
    line-height: 1.4;
    margin-bottom: 12px;
    color: var(--text-primary);
}

.contact-label {
    display: inline-block;
    font-weight: 600;
}

.contact-link {
    color: var(--text-primary);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.contact-link:hover {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
}

.social-icons {
    display: flex;
    gap: 15px;
    align-items: center;
}

.social-icon {
    display: inline-block;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.social-icon:hover {
    transform: scale(1.1);
}

.social-icon-img {
    width: 24px;
    height: 24px;
    filter: brightness(0) saturate(100%) invert(15%) sepia(94%) saturate(7151%) hue-rotate(346deg) brightness(91%) contrast(101%);
    transition: filter 0.3s ease;
}

/* Dark theme social media icons - white */
[data-theme="dark"] .social-icon-img {
    filter: brightness(0) invert(1);
}

.footer-bottom {
    border-top: 1px solid #ebebeb;
    margin-top: 40px;
    padding: 20px 0;
}

.footer-bottom-content {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    font-size: 14px;
    color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.copyright {
    margin: 0;
}

.establishment {
    margin: 0;
}

/* Mobile Responsive Footer */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .hubs-column {
        min-height: 300px;
    }

    .hubs-column:hover {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .footer-content {
        flex-direction: column !important;
        gap: 40px !important;
        padding: 0 20px !important;
        text-align: center !important;
    }

    .footer-column {
        text-align: center !important;
    }

    .footer-heading::after {
        left: 50% !important;
        transform: translateX(-50%) !important;
    }

    .social-icons {
        justify-content: center !important;
    }

    .social-icon-img {
        width: 28px !important;
        height: 28px !important;
    }

    .footer-bottom-content {
        flex-direction: column !important;
        gap: 10px !important;
        text-align: center !important;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
    .footer-content {
        gap: 30px !important;
        padding: 0 15px !important;
    }

    .footer-heading {
        font-size: 18px !important;
    }

    .footer-address-text,
    .footer-link,
    .contact-item {
        font-size: 14px !important;
    }

    .social-icon-img {
        width: 32px !important;
        height: 32px !important;
    }
}